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Nyoze. The ten factors according to the Lotus Sutra
of Christian Martorella
August 19, 2006. The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Hokkekyo (1), is among the most popular Buddhist sutras and greater influence. According to many scholars, was written around the first century AD to meet the needs of the Mahayana (Great Vehicle School) that it intended to spread a Buddhism is closer to people without any ascetic deprivation. In this sense, the Lotus Sutra in hand with other records such as the Wisdom Sutra and the Sutra of the Garland.
Among the teachings presented in the Lotus Sutra, has a particular importance and features the doctrine of the ten factors (ju nyoze). The ten factors are the mode of understanding reality, or how the human mind perceives herself and the world around her. The term "factor" translates the Japanese word nyoze (Sanskrit tathata, ju-shih in Chinese) which means "the thing as is". This doctrine teaches that the things we know and perceive immediately without further processing of the mind (ie non-judgmental, opinion, etc..) Can be traced to this pattern of factors (nyoze).
1) So. Appearance or the appearance of things.
2) Sho. Nature or character, is the quality of things.
3) Tai. Entity or body, the body that brings together form and quality.
4) Riki. Power, or the force of things.
5) Sa. Action is the activity that occurs.
6) Interviewer internal causes. The cause of internal change.
7) En. External cause or relationship. The cause or external condition.
8) Ka. Effect of latent or internal effect. This is the effect of what happens inside them.
9) Ho. Pay o effetto esterno. Questo è l’effetto che si manifesta visibilmente.
10) Hon makkukyo to. Coerenza dall’inizio alla fine. Ogni cosa ha un senso senza lacune e interruzioni.
La conoscenza dei dieci fattori permette di distinguere chiaramente il funzionamento della mente e percorrere il cammino di liberazione dalle illusioni.
Importanti commentatori del Sutra del Loto sono stati i monaci giapponesi Dogen (1200-1253) e Nichiren (1222-1282). In particolare, Nichiren spiega i dieci fattori all’interno della dottrina di shoho jisso (il vero aspetto di tutti i fenomeni) e della teoria di ichinen sanzen (tremila regni in un istante).
Secondo Nichiren (2) tutti gli esseri viventi, l’ambiente in which they live and are manifestation of the cosmic phenomena of the universe which is identified with the Buddha. So Buddha is in everything, and everything is manifested in the ten factors. Furthermore, in a single moment there would be three thousand realms or worlds achievable from the combination of factors and spiritual condition. This is the explanation of Nichiren and develops masterly studies of the Chinese T'ien-t'ai.
The theory of the ten factors should also be considered properly within the larger Buddhist doctrine. The ten factors are not elements that make up the reality, but instead are the tools of the intellect, the grid or the conceptual framework that filters the events and makes them intelligible to the mind. The real and only true reality is the Buddha (the whole universe and its interdependence). As for the factors of cause and effect (in Japanese innen), remember that according to Buddha are also illusory. The case is the product of a mental habit (Sanskrit vasana). This understanding of the causes of the production is similar to the explanation provided by the Scottish philosopher David Hume in the eighteenth century. Hume uses the terms custom and habit (eating habits, trends, customs) to indicate a higher power that influences the formation of ideas. If one accepts this interpretation, it is understandable why the need for a light (in Japanese satori) and emancipation (Gedatsu) that reaches up to nirvana (nehan) because they may have in understanding the reality of the universe. Without detachment and freedom from tendencies and habits you can not see beyond the illusions produced by the mind. Yet they are the same illusions that deceive and mislead taken individually, to achieve simultaneously, and vice versa if you consider the overall reality. Diversity is not formed from the mind of those who think, but from the way you use it. Buddha is one who thinks and acts as a Buddha, so anyone can be. So says the Lotus Sutra without mistakes. This doctrine is also consistent with previous theories, Buddhist, otherwise sarebbe comprensibile e concepibile l’avviamento della ruota della legge, ossia la predicazione e l’insegnamento di Buddha. Nel Mahaparinirvana sutra si afferma che tutto quello che ha forma esiste per effetto della mente (3). Il buddhismo autentico è perciò l’esercizio e la pratica della conoscenza e del controllo della mente. Buddha è colui che è pervenuto all’illuminazione ed ha raggiunto tale capacità. La differenza fra chi è prigioniero delle illusioni e chi è pervenuto all’illuminazione non consiste nell’eliminazione delle apparenze prodotte dallo schema dei dieci fattori, ma nella modalità di operare della mente. La mente di Buddha non si ferma a considerare un singolo aspetto, ma coglie pluralism of reality simultaneously.
Notes 1. In Sanskrit it is called Saddharmapundarikasutra literally Lotus Sutra of the Good Law. In Japanese is translated as Myohorengekyo, where myo meaning good, wonderful, extraordinary, and I indicate the law or dharma (teachings of Buddha). Renge is instead the lotus flower, then Kyo means sutra (Buddhist text). Myohorengekyo is abbreviated in Japanese with Hokkekyo, in Italian with the Lotus Sutra. The oldest written version appears in the first century AD, roughly between 40 and 100 AD, a period in which the Mahayana school developed and flourished. The doctrine of the Lotus Sutra is based on ekayana (vehicle only) to propagate the Buddha's teaching about the existence of every individual in the immediate and safe accessibility to the Buddha in this world.
2. See Nichiren, The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, Vol 4, Italian Institute of Buddhist Soka Gakkai, Florence, 2000, pp. 229-236.
3. See Buddha, sutra Mahaparinirvana, The Dioscuri Edizioni, Genova, 1990, pp. 48-50.
Bibliography
Hume, David, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Laterza, Bari, 1996.
Ikeda, Daisaku, The Wisdom of the Lotus Sutra, Arnoldo Mondadori, Milan, 2005.
Ikeda, Daisaku, Chapters Hoben and Jury, Esperia Edizioni, Milan, 1999.
Martorella, Christian, The truth and the place, "Diogenes philosophers today," No. 4, Year II, June to August 2006.
Nichiren, The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, Soka Gakkai Italian Buddhist Institute, Florence, 2000.
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