Articolo sul pluralismo pubblicato dalla rivista "LG Argomenti".
Cfr. Cristiano Martorella, Niju, il pluralismo twice, in "Topics LG", No.3, year XXXVIII, July-September 2002, pp.10-13.
Niju, pluralism double
of Christian Martorella
In Japanese Niju means double. Dualism nijusei it is said. But in the Japanese literary and philosophical thought twice did not properly acquired the same way in the West. In the Far East, the idea of \u200b\u200bunity and harmony of opposites was so pervasive as to be questioned only when there were the first contacts with European philosophy.
Hinduism Brahman summarizes the unitary principle, the absolute. Since pluralism, dualism, and so can only be obtained in the determination, that the categories of time and space, the absolute which is the original authentic and incorruptible, does not know the samsara (cycle of birth and death) and with it the phenomenal existence. Hinduism therefore reduces to a simple dualism of appearance or illusion of the senses.
Taoism incorporates the idea of \u200b\u200bopposites and the places at the base of the doctrine. There is no peace without the complementarity of two principles: the yang (masculine, bright, warm and active) and yin (female, dark, cold and passive). But this reduction has always threatened to turn into a regulation dictated by the risk that was amplified by Confucianism and its agents (government officials, administrators, etc.).. It is no coincidence that the more severe and negative evaluations of the Taoist concept of harmony came from the Chinese Marxists who had absorbed the lessons of historical materialism at the beginning of the twentieth century (especially the critique of ideology as a theoretical system, the ruling classes).
Buddhism, even more profoundly to Hindu tradition, it eliminates all forms of dualism, defining it as a hoax, a sham. Even the form and content would be the same reality. So nothing would be phenomenal existence and the only two aspects of reality itself. The Japanese expression defines the concept this way: soku ze shiki ku (emptiness is form).
Shintoism, Japan's indigenous religion, has developed so indipendente il concetto di doppio nel mito di Izanagi e Izanami, la coppia di dei che crearono l'arcipelago giapponese. Gli dei del cielo (amatsukami) inviarono Izanagi e Izanami, fratello e sorella, per popolare la terra ancora nel caos. Essi crearono le isole del Giappone immergendo una lancia e mescolando l'acqua del mare. Quando l'acqua si addensò, sollevando la lancia la fecero gocciolare (simbolismo dell'eiaculazione) formando un'isola. Poi Izanagi (maschio che seduce) e Izanami (femmina che seduce) si accoppiarono generando altre isole, dei e creature che abitarono l'arcipelago nipponico. Questa coppia divina è rappresentata nel culto shintoista da due rocce affioranti dal mare nella baia di Futami presso il tempio di Ise (Daijingu). The sacred rocks are the most powerful symbolic expression of the concept of harmony and union of opposites. Through the link, consisting of a rope, while it accentuates the duality and unity.
The Japanese thought the Buddhist and Shinto matrices are those that you feel better. But we add a deep knowledge of European literature, which becomes a constituent part of the world and dialoguing Japanese. Japan's literature and film not only gained the western techniques, but they also studied, the different registers, the narrative kind that coalesced into something inseparable from the tradition that already exists. The director Akira Kurosawa
treated the theme of the double in the film Kagemusha (1980). In Kagemusha (Kagemusha, l'ombra del guerriero, produzione Toho e Kurosawa Films) si narra la vicenda del grande condottiero e daimyo Takeda Shingen e del suo sosia (interpretati da Nakadai Tatsuya). Shingen, morto a causa di una ferita, lascia come ordine che il suo decesso venga nascosto al nemico e anche alle persone che non fossero comandanti militari del clan Takeda. Il posto di Shingen viene preso da un sosia perfetto che ha però modeste origini. Il sosia era un ladruncolo condannato per furto. L'uomo si sostituisce al condottiero, ma il peso e la responsabilità del suo comportamento si ripercuotono in modo inaspettato. Il sosia comincia a sentirsi perseguitato da Shingen, tanto da identificarsi in lui e non riconoscere più la sua personalità that of the noble Shingen. He manages to fool everyone, concubines, his nephew was still a child and especially your enemies. Goes so far as to lead the troops victoriously against opposing forces. Seems to have reached the goal of a perfect duplicate, covering the most of its role. But one day he decides to ride a horse that only proud Shingen was able to tame. The horse instinctively recognizes the stranger and thrown. Falling to the ground, the notices of the concubines of the wounds that the real Shingen had, and the deception is discovered the double. So the ideal twin Shingen is expelled. The Takeda clan starts to decline. The Battle of Nagashino in 1575 marks the end, and the consequent rise Nobunaga.
The theme of the double is here treated by Kurosawa from the perspective of relativism. The double identifies herself both in its role to suffer when removed. He even feels the same responsibility to Shingen against the clan. The theme of relativism is more insistently in another masterpiece by Kurosawa film Rashomon by Akutagawa Ryunosuke based on the book. In this case, the double is made up of a married couple. The specific episode is taken from the story Yabu no naka (In the forest). The dual relationship husband-wife breaks down in the triangle husband-wife-lover, then a quartet, quintet, sextet consists of the testimony of her husband. Everything comes together in the revelation of a medium that speaks to the status of trans confession of her husband committed suicide. The confession of her husband brings diversity to unity. The sense of the story is in the testimonies that show the relativity of different perspectives of the characters. The tension of the pair can not be solved in the complementarity as well as Taoism thought, but explodes into a number of contradictions be resolved only in the unity of the cosmos. Here the relativism of the matrix reveals Akutagawa Shinto-Buddhist. The nature of the universe is made up of a multitude of contradictions held together by the absolute contradiction: one is the manifold, the manifold is the one. It therefore requires to abandon classical logic, and open his eyes to reality and creative thinking (what the sages call satori, or enlightenment).
The influence of foreign literature, including one for children, introduced the theme of the doppelgänger (ikiryo in Japanese). The theme of the twins had a reworking by reading Western classics. Amanuma Haruki rewrote the masterpiece inspired by Lewis Carroll wonderland of the imagination freely (see Amanuma, Haruki, Alicetopia. Fushigi no kuni no boken, Parorusha, Tokyo, 2000). The book is beautifully illustrated by tables Surrealist Shigeo Otake. The brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee thus become two twin sisters. But being identici è causa di discordia. Come afferma la ragazza: "Se è uguale, allora è meglio vivere con uno specchio". I doppi uguali, come per la legge del magnetismo, si respingono. Il conflitto è inevitabile.
E qui ritornano i princìpi filosofici introdotti all'inizio. Essendo la realtà impermanente (shogyo mujo), il principio d'identità ha valore soltanto nel paese delle meraviglie, luogo dove le contraddizioni logiche sono l'ordinaria esistenza. Ma nel mondo effimero (ukiyo) dell'esistenza umana non vi è posto per il doppio e il dualismo, incessantemente scavalcato dal pluralismo del reale.
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